What is PCOS? A Simple Guide for Women in India

Medically reviewed by Dr. Swati Tayal Goray, Consultant Endocrinologist & Diabetologist

PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome) is one of the most common health conditions affecting women today. Nearly 1 in 5 Indian women of reproductive age are estimated to have PCOS, yet many only find out when symptoms begin to interfere with daily life.

So what is PCOS really? 

Despite the name, PCOS is not only about ovarian cysts. In fact, not everyone with PCOS has cysts on their ovaries, and not everyone with ovarian cysts has PCOS. What matters most is how these hormone shifts affect the body on a day to day basis.

At its core, PCOS is about hormonal imbalance. The body produces higher levels of androgens, commonly known as “male hormones”, which disrupt the normal cycle of ovulation and affect much more than just fertility.

What could symptoms look like? 

While the condition doesn’t look the same for every woman, the most common signs include:

• Irregular, too heavy, or sometimes absent periods.

• Persistent acne or dark patches of skin, often around the neck or underarms.

• Excess hair growth on the face or body, or hair thinning on the scalp.

• Weight gain that feels stubborn, no matter what you do.

• Difficulty getting pregnant, often due to irregular ovulation.

Who is more susceptible? 

In India, lifestyle factors such as reduced physical activity, higher stress levels, and shifts in diet are believed to be pushing cases higher, especially in urban areas. Still, two key factors play a big role: 

• Insulin resistance: When the body struggles to use sugar properly, insulin levels rise. This can push the ovaries to make more androgens.

• Genetics: PCOS often runs in families, suggesting a strong hereditary link.

Common Myths About PCOS

❌ “PCOS only affects women who are overweight.”
✅ Women of all body types can have PCOS.

❌ “Having cysts on your ovaries means you have PCOS.”
✅ Not always, cysts can occur without PCOS, and many women with PCOS don’t have cysts.

❌ “PCOS means you can’t get pregnant.”
✅ PCOS may affect fertility, but with the right support many women conceive successfully.

There’s no single cure for PCOS, but it can be managed. Lifestyle changes can make a real difference; focus on eating balanced meals, moving regularly, getting quality sleep, and reducing stress can all help regulate hormone balance. Medical support, when needed, can also play an important role. 

Understanding the condition, spotting symptoms early, and taking small, consistent steps toward a healthier lifestyle can help you regain balance. With the right care and support, women with PCOS can, and do live healthy, fulfilling lives.